PL/SQL Interview Q&A at IDM Techpark Coimbatore

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PL SQL Interview Questions and Answers

Top 100 PL SQL Interview Questions for Freshers

PL/SQL (Procedural Language for SQL) is an essential extension of SQL in Oracle databases, enabling developers to write powerful, reusable, and efficient database programs. Mastering PL/SQL allows professionals to handle complex business logic, automate tasks, and ensure data integrity through stored procedures, functions, triggers, and packages.

Candidates should be well-prepared to tackle both the PL/SQL Online Assessment and the Technical Interview Round at IDM TechPark. To help you succeed, we have compiled a comprehensive list of the Top 100 PL/SQL Interview Questions along with their answers. Mastering these concepts will give you a strong edge in securing a PL/SQL Developer role and excelling in the field of database development and administration.

1. What is PL/SQL?

PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle’s procedural extension of SQL. It allows procedural programming features like loops, conditions, and exception handling.

2. What are the key features of PL/SQL?

Block-structured language
Supports procedural constructs (loops, conditions)
Exception handling
Supports SQL operations
Improves performance through batch processing

3. What are the components of a PL/SQL block?

A PL/SQL block consists of:

DECLARE – Used for declaring variables and constants
BEGIN – Contains executable statements
EXCEPTION – Handles errors
END – Marks the end of the block

4. How do you declare a variable in PL/SQL?

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DECLARE v_name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN v_name := 'John Doe'; END;

5. What is the difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

FeatureSQLPL/SQL

TypeDeclarativeProcedural

ExecutionExecutes one statement at a timeExecutes a block of statements

Error HandlingLimitedSupports exception handling

Use CaseQueries & transactionsBusiness logic & procedural programming

6. What is %TYPE in PL/SQL?

%TYPE is used to declare a variable with the same data type as an existing table column.
Example:

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DECLARE v_salary employees.salary%TYPE; BEGIN v_salary := 5000; END;

7. What is %ROWTYPE in PL/SQL?

%ROWTYPE is used to declare a variable with the same structure as a table row.
Example:

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DECLARE emp_record employees%ROWTYPE; BEGIN emp_record.salary := 6000; END;

8. How do you display output in PL/SQL?

Using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE:

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BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello, PL/SQL!'); END;

9. What are the different types of PL/SQL control structures?

Conditional Statements (IF-ELSE, CASE)
Loops (FOR, WHILE, LOOP)

10. How do you use an IF statement in PL/SQL?

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DECLARE v_salary NUMBER := 5000; BEGIN IF v_salary > 4000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('High Salary'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Low Salary'); END IF; END;

11. What are the types of loops in PL/SQL?

BASIC LOOP
WHILE LOOP
FOR LOOP

12. How do you use a FOR LOOP in PL/SQL?

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BEGIN FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration: ' || i); END LOOP; END;

13. What is an EXCEPTION in PL/SQL?

An EXCEPTION is used to handle errors in PL/SQL programs.
Example:

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BEGIN -- Some code EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found!'); END;

14. What are the types of exceptions in PL/SQL?

Predefined Exceptions (e.g., NO_DATA_FOUND, TOO_MANY_ROWS)
User-defined Exceptions

15. What is a cursor in PL/SQL?

A cursor is used to fetch multiple rows from a SQL query.

16. What are the types of cursors in PL/SQL?

Implicit Cursor: Automatically created for SQL queries
Explicit Cursor: Defined by the user for handling multiple rows

17. How do you declare an explicit cursor?

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DECLARE CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT emp_name FROM employees; BEGIN FOR rec IN emp_cursor LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.emp_name); END LOOP; END;

18. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?

COMMIT: Saves changes permanently
ROLLBACK: Undoes uncommitted changes

19. What is a trigger in PL/SQL?

A trigger is an automatic event-driven procedure that executes before or after database modifications.

20. How do you create a simple trigger?

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CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_insert_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN :NEW.hire_date := SYSDATE; END;

21. What is the DUAL table in PL/SQL?

DUAL is a dummy table used for executing functions like:

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SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

22. What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2?

FeatureCHARVARCHAR2

StorageFixed-lengthVariable-length

PerformanceFaster for fixed-size valuesMore efficient for dynamic data

23. How do you define a stored procedure in PL/SQL?

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CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE show_message IS BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello, World!'); END;

24. How do you call a stored procedure in PL/SQL?

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BEGIN show_message; END;

25. What is the difference between FUNCTION and PROCEDURE?

FeatureFUNCTIONPROCEDURE

Returns a Value?YesNo

Used in SQL Queries?YesNo

Call MethodSELECT function_name FROM DUAL;BEGIN procedure_name; END;

1. What is the difference between a cursor and a ref cursor?

FeatureCursorRef Cursor

TypeStaticDynamic

ScopeDefined in the DECLARE sectionCan be passed between procedures

UsageUsed in a single blockUsed for flexible query execution

2. How do you use a parameterized cursor?

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DECLARE CURSOR emp_cursor(p_dept NUMBER) IS SELECT emp_name FROM employees WHERE dept_id = p_dept; BEGIN FOR rec IN emp_cursor(10) LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.emp_name); END LOOP; END;

3. What are bulk collections in PL/SQL?

Bulk collections allow fetching multiple rows at once into a collection type like an array.
Example using BULK COLLECT:

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DECLARE TYPE emp_table IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE; emp_list emp_table; BEGIN SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO emp_list FROM employees; END;

4. What is the FORALL statement in PL/SQL?

It is used for bulk DML operations to improve performance.
Example:

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BEGIN FORALL i IN 1..10 UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE emp_id = i; END;

5. What is a package in PL/SQL?

A package is a collection of procedures, functions, and variables grouped together.

6. How do you create a package in PL/SQL?

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CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_package AS PROCEDURE get_employees; END emp_package;

7. How do you create a package body?

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CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_package AS PROCEDURE get_employees IS BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Fetching Employees'); END; END emp_package;

8. What are pragma directives in PL/SQL?

PRAGMA is used to provide instructions to the compiler.

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION – Allows independent transactions
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT – Associates an exception with an error code

9. How do you create a user-defined exception?

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DECLARE ex_custom EXCEPTION; BEGIN RAISE ex_custom; EXCEPTION WHEN ex_custom THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Custom Exception Raised!'); END;

10. What is the difference between an implicit and an explicit cursor?

FeatureImplicit CursorExplicit Cursor

DefinitionCreated automaticallyDeclared by the user

ControlNo control over fetchFull control over fetch

11. How do you handle a TOO_MANY_ROWS exception?

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BEGIN SELECT emp_name INTO v_name FROM employees; EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('More than one row returned!'); END;

12. How do you optimize performance in PL/SQL?

Use BULK COLLECT for queries
Use FORALL for DML statements
Minimize context switching
Use bind variables

13. What is the difference between ROWID and ROWNUM?

FeatureROWIDROWNUM

DefinitionUnique identifier for a rowSequence number of a row in a result set

Use CaseFaster accessUsed for filtering

14. How do you create a trigger to prevent deletions?

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CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER prevent_delete BEFORE DELETE ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Delete not allowed!'); END;

15. How do you log errors in PL/SQL?

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BEGIN -- Some code EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); END;

16. What is dynamic SQL in PL/SQL?

Dynamic SQL allows execution of SQL queries dynamically using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.

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BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DELETE FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 10'; END;

17. How do you use DBMS_SQL for dynamic queries?

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DECLARE v_cursor NUMBER; v_sql VARCHAR2(100) := 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees'; v_result NUMBER; BEGIN v_cursor := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR; DBMS_SQL.PARSE(v_cursor, v_sql, DBMS_SQL.NATIVE); DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE(v_cursor); DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(v_cursor); END;

18. How do you handle multiple exceptions in PL/SQL?

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BEGIN -- Code EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No Data Found'); WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Too Many Rows Returned'); WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); END;

19. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

FeatureDELETETRUNCATEDROP

RemovesSpecific rowsAll rowsEntire table

Rollback Possible?YesNoNo

PerformanceSlowFastFast

20. How do you pass parameters in a stored procedure?

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CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_salary(p_emp_id NUMBER, p_salary NUMBER) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = p_salary WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id; END;

21. What is a mutating table error?

A mutating table error occurs when a row-level trigger tries to modify the same table it is querying.

22. How do you avoid a mutating table error?

Use statement-level triggers
Use compound triggers

23. What is a materialized view in PL/SQL?

A materialized view is a database object that stores the results of a query for faster retrieval.

24. How do you create a materialized view?

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CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW emp_mv AS SELECT emp_id, emp_name FROM employees;

25. What is a compound trigger?

A compound trigger allows defining multiple timing points (BEFORE, AFTER) in a single trigger.

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CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_trigger FOR INSERT ON employees COMPOUND TRIGGER BEFORE STATEMENT IS BEGIN NULL; END BEFORE STATEMENT; AFTER EACH ROW IS BEGIN NULL; END AFTER EACH ROW; END emp_trigger;

1. What is the difference between a FUNCTION and a PROCEDURE in PL/SQL?

FeatureFunctionProcedure

Return TypeMust return a valueMay or may not return a value

UsageUsed in SELECT statementsCannot be used in SELECT statements

InvocationCan be called from SQL queriesUsed in PL/SQL blocks

2. How do you create a stored function in PL/SQL?

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_emp_name(p_emp_id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS v_name VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT emp_name INTO v_name FROM employees WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id; RETURN v_name; END;

3. What are the different types of collections in PL/SQL?

Associative Arrays – Key-value pairs
Nested Tables – Unbounded collection, similar to a database table
VARRAYS (Variable-size Arrays) – Bounded collection with a fixed size

4. What is a REF CURSOR in PL/SQL?

A REF CURSOR is a pointer to a result set that can be dynamically assigned.

DECLARE TYPE emp_ref_cursor IS REF CURSOR; emp_cursor emp_ref_cursor; v_emp employees%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN emp_cursor FOR SELECT * FROM employees; FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp; CLOSE emp_cursor; END;

5. How do you use DYNAMIC SQL in PL/SQL?

BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DELETE FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 101'; END;

Use EXECUTE IMMEDIATE for dynamic queries.

6. What are the advantages of BULK COLLECT in PL/SQL?

Improves performance
Reduces context switching
Fetches multiple rows at once

DECLARE TYPE emp_table IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE; emp_list emp_table; BEGIN SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO emp_list FROM employees; END;

7. What is the FORALL statement in PL/SQL?

Used for bulk DML operations to improve performance.

BEGIN FORALL i IN 1..10 UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE emp_id = i; END;

8. What are COMPOUND TRIGGERS in PL/SQL?

A compound trigger allows defining multiple timing points within a single trigger.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_trigger FOR INSERT ON employees COMPOUND TRIGGER BEFORE STATEMENT IS BEGIN NULL; END BEFORE STATEMENT; AFTER EACH ROW IS BEGIN NULL; END AFTER EACH ROW; END emp_trigger;

9. What is PRAGMA in PL/SQL?

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION – Allows independent transactions
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT – Associates an exception with an error code

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;

10. What is a MATERIALIZED VIEW?

A Materialized View stores the results of a query for faster access.

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW emp_mv AS SELECT emp_id, emp_name FROM employees;

11. How do you refresh a Materialized View?

BEGIN DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH('emp_mv'); END;

12. What is a CONTEXT SWITCH in PL/SQL?

Occurs when control shifts between PL/SQL engine and SQL engine
Can be minimized using BULK COLLECT and FORALL

13. How do you log errors in PL/SQL?

BEGIN -- Some code EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); END;

14. What is the difference between a DATABASE TRIGGER and an APPLICATION TRIGGER?

TypeDatabase TriggerApplication Trigger

ScopeFires at the database levelFires at application level

Use CaseEnforces rules on tablesUsed in Oracle Forms

15. What is a PIPELINED FUNCTION in PL/SQL?

A pipelined function returns multiple rows as a stream, improving performance.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employees RETURN emp_table PIPELINED AS BEGIN FOR rec IN (SELECT * FROM employees) LOOP PIPE ROW (rec); END LOOP; RETURN; END;

16. What is a SYS_REFCURSOR?

SYS_REFCURSOR is a predefined REF CURSOR type for flexible result sets.

DECLARE emp_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; v_emp employees%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN emp_cursor FOR SELECT * FROM employees; FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp; CLOSE emp_cursor; END;

17. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

FeatureDELETETRUNCATEDROP

RemovesSpecific rowsAll rowsEntire table

Rollback Possible?YesNoNo

PerformanceSlowFastFast

18. How do you avoid a MUTATING TABLE error?

Use statement-level triggers
Use compound triggers

19. What is a MULTISET operation in PL/SQL?

Used to perform set operations on collections.

emp_list := emp_list MULTISET UNION DISTINCT dept_list;

20. What is the difference between %ROWTYPE and %TYPE?

Feature%ROWTYPE%TYPE

DefinitionMatches a full row structureMatches a single column type

Use CaseUsed for recordsUsed for variables

21. How do you enable PARALLEL EXECUTION in PL/SQL?

ALTER TABLE employees PARALLEL 4;

22. What is a CONTEXT in PL/SQL?

A context is a session-specific storage for global variables.

CREATE CONTEXT emp_ctx USING emp_pkg;

23. How do you use DBMS_SQL?

24. What are PARTITIONED TABLES in PL/SQL?

Partitioned tables improve query performance by splitting data across partitions.

CREATE TABLE emp_partition (emp_id NUMBER, emp_name VARCHAR2(50)) PARTITION BY RANGE (emp_id) ( PARTITION emp_p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1000), PARTITION emp_p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) );

25. What are INSTEAD OF TRIGGERS?

INSTEAD OF TRIGGERS allow operations on views that normally cannot be modified.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_instead_of_trigger INSTEAD OF INSERT ON emp_view BEGIN INSERT INTO employees VALUES (NEW.emp_id, NEW.emp_name); END;

1. What are the key features of PL/SQL?

Block-structured programming language
Exception handling for error control
Procedures, functions, triggers, and packages support
Cursors for managing result sets
Strong integration with SQL

2. Explain the structure of a PL/SQL block.

A PL/SQL block consists of the following:

DECLARE v_name VARCHAR2(50); -- (Optional) Variable Declaration BEGIN v_name := 'John Doe'; -- Executable Statements DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_name); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); -- Error Handling END;

3. What are the different types of PL/SQL blocks?

Anonymous Block – Doesn't have a name and is not stored.
Procedure – Named PL/SQL block that can accept parameters.
Function – Returns a value.
Trigger – Runs automatically when an event occurs.

4. What is a CURSOR in PL/SQL?

A cursor is a pointer to a query result set.

DECLARE CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT emp_name FROM employees; v_emp_name employees.emp_name%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN emp_cursor; FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp_name; CLOSE emp_cursor; END;

5. What are the types of cursors in PL/SQL?

Implicit Cursor – Automatically created for single-row queries.
Explicit Cursor – Declared and controlled by the user.
REF Cursor – Allows dynamic queries.

6. What is the difference between %ROWTYPE and %TYPE?

Feature%ROWTYPE%TYPE

DefinitionMatches a full row structureMatches a single column type

Use CaseUsed for recordsUsed for variables

7. What is the use of BULK COLLECT in PL/SQL?

BULK COLLECT improves performance by fetching multiple rows at once.

DECLARE TYPE emp_table IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE; emp_list emp_table; BEGIN SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO emp_list FROM employees; END;

8. What is FORALL in PL/SQL?

FORALL improves performance by performing bulk DML operations.

BEGIN FORALL i IN 1..10 UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE emp_id = i; END;

9. What are the different types of triggers in PL/SQL?

BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
AFTER INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
INSTEAD OF (for views)
COMPOUND Triggers

Example:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Inserting Employee: ' || :NEW.emp_name); END;

10. What are the different types of exceptions in PL/SQL?

Predefined Exceptions (e.g., NO_DATA_FOUND, TOO_MANY_ROWS)
User-defined Exceptions
Unhandled Exceptions (WHEN OTHERS)

DECLARE e_custom EXCEPTION; BEGIN RAISE e_custom; EXCEPTION WHEN e_custom THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Custom Exception Occurred'); END;

11. What is PRAGMA in PL/SQL?

Directives to modify behavior:

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION – Independent transactions
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT – Maps an error code to an exception

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;

12. What is a REF CURSOR in PL/SQL?

A REF CURSOR allows dynamic SQL queries.

DECLARE TYPE emp_ref_cursor IS REF CURSOR; emp_cursor emp_ref_cursor; v_emp employees%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN emp_cursor FOR SELECT * FROM employees; FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp; CLOSE emp_cursor; END;

13. What is DYNAMIC SQL in PL/SQL?

Used to execute queries dynamically using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.

BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DELETE FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 101'; END;

14. What is a MATERIALIZED VIEW?

Stores a query result set for faster access.

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW emp_mv AS SELECT emp_id, emp_name FROM employees;

15. How do you refresh a Materialized View?

BEGIN DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH('emp_mv'); END;

16. What is a CONTEXT SWITCH in PL/SQL?

Occurs when control shifts between PL/SQL engine and SQL engine.

Minimized using BULK COLLECT and FORALL

17. How do you avoid a MUTATING TABLE error?

Use statement-level triggers
Use compound triggers

18. What is a PIPELINED FUNCTION in PL/SQL?

A pipelined function returns multiple rows as a stream, improving performance.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employees RETURN emp_table PIPELINED AS BEGIN FOR rec IN (SELECT * FROM employees) LOOP PIPE ROW (rec); END LOOP; RETURN; END;

19. What is a SYS_REFCURSOR?

SYS_REFCURSOR is a predefined REF CURSOR type.

DECLARE emp_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; v_emp employees%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN emp_cursor FOR SELECT * FROM employees; FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp; CLOSE emp_cursor; END;

20. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

FeatureDELETETRUNCATEDROP

RemovesSpecific rowsAll rowsEntire table

Rollback Possible?YesNoNo

PerformanceSlowFastFast

21. How do you enable PARALLEL EXECUTION in PL/SQL?

ALTER TABLE employees PARALLEL 4;

22. What is a CONTEXT in PL/SQL?

A context is a session-specific storage for global variables.

CREATE CONTEXT emp_ctx USING emp_pkg;

23. How do you use DBMS_SQL?

24. What are PARTITIONED TABLES in PL/SQL?

Partitioned tables improve query performance by splitting data across partitions.

CREATE TABLE emp_partition (emp_id NUMBER, emp_name VARCHAR2(50)) PARTITION BY RANGE (emp_id) ( PARTITION emp_p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1000), PARTITION emp_p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) );

25. What are INSTEAD OF TRIGGERS?

Used to modify views.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_instead_of_trigger INSTEAD OF INSERT ON emp_view BEGIN INSERT INTO employees VALUES (NEW.emp_id, NEW.emp_name); END;

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PL SQL Interview Questions and Answers

Top 100 PL SQL Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is PL/SQL?

2. What are the key features of PL/SQL?

3. What are the components of a PL/SQL block?

4. How do you declare a variable in PL/SQL?

5. What is the difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

6. What is %TYPE in PL/SQL?

7. What is %ROWTYPE in PL/SQL?

8. How do you display output in PL/SQL?

9. What are the different types of PL/SQL control structures?

10. How do you use an IF statement in PL/SQL?

11. What are the types of loops in PL/SQL?

12. How do you use a FOR LOOP in PL/SQL?

13. What is an EXCEPTION in PL/SQL?

14. What are the types of exceptions in PL/SQL?

15. What is a cursor in PL/SQL?

16. What are the types of cursors in PL/SQL?

17. How do you declare an explicit cursor?

18. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?

19. What is a trigger in PL/SQL?

20. How do you create a simple trigger?

21. What is the DUAL table in PL/SQL?

22. What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2?

23. How do you define a stored procedure in PL/SQL?

24. How do you call a stored procedure in PL/SQL?

25. What is the difference between FUNCTION and PROCEDURE?

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